One donated bag of blood
can save three lives in need. However, before that there are many things that
must be considered before conducting a blood transfusion. Each condition that
needs to get a blood donor may require different types of blood components.
Some need whole blood, some need only red blood cells, only need platelets, or
just a portion of their blood plasma. The following is a more complete
explanation.
The need for blood transfusion depends on the condition and components of blood needed
When viewed with the
naked eye alone, blood is a dark red liquid. But in fact when examined under a
microscope, blood consists of many different components, namely red blood cells
(erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), platelets / platelets, and
blood plasma.
Generally there are five
types of blood components that can be distributed through blood transfusions.
Before that, the collected blood donors will be sent first to the laboratory to be processed and divided as needed, for example red cell, plasma, blood platelet and / or cryoprecipitate bags.
Before that, the collected blood donors will be sent first to the laboratory to be processed and divided as needed, for example red cell, plasma, blood platelet and / or cryoprecipitate bags.
The type of blood
component given in the transfusion process will depend on the needs and
functions.
1. Whole blood
As the name implies,
complete blood contains all the components of blood, namely red blood cells,
white blood cells and platelets (~ 45% of the volume of whole blood) and blood
plasma (~ 55% of the volume of whole blood).
Whole blood transfusion
is needed for the replacement of red blood cells as soon as possible, for
example in cases of traffic accidents that cause serious injury so that blood
loss is very large (more than 30% of body fluid volume).
Whole blood transfusions
can also be done to replace large volumes of blood lost during surgery.
2. Packed Red Cells / PRC
One bag of PRC consists
of 150-220 mL of red blood cells without any blood plasma at all. PRC
transfusion is especially needed for anemia patients, including anemia caused
by pregnancy and childbirth.
People who have just
recovered from certain operations, victims of accidents, and who have blood
disorders such as thalassemia and leukemia also need donations of red blood
cells from donors.
The latest guidelines
published by AABB (American Association of Blood Banks) recommend transfusion
of PRC in hospitalized patients whose condition is stable but with blood
hemoglobin levels (Hb) <7 g / dL, including ICU patients.
As for patients who have
just undergone surgery and have a history of heart disease it is recommended to
get a blood transfusion if the Hb level is less than 8 g / dL.
3. Platelet Concentrate/PC
Platelets or platelets
are a component of colorless blood. Its main function is to help the blood
clotting process by attaching to the walls of damaged blood vessels.
It took several donors at
once to get a bag of platelets. The donor platelet shelf life is also short.
Ordinary platelet
transfusion is intended for people who experience impaired platelet formation
by the spinal cord as well as impaired function and the number of other
platelets.
4. FFP (Fresh Frozen Plasma)
FFP is a component of
yellowish blood. FFP is a blood product that is processed from whole blood. FFP
contains a component of blood plasma that is dense of blood clotting factors,
albumin, immunoglobulins, and factor VIII (one of the blood clotting factors
found in plasma).
FFP can be beneficial for
people who experience blood clotting disorders and to prevent excessive
bleeding in users of blood thinning drugs (anticoagulants) who will undergo
surgery.
5. Cryo-AHF (Cryoprecipitated Anti Haemolytic Factor)
Cryo-AHF aka
cryoprecipitaten is a part of blood plasma that is very rich in clotting
factors such as fibrinogen and factor VIII.
This blood component is
used selectively for people with blood clotting factor abnormalities, such as
hemophilia type A (factor VIII deficiency) or Von Willdebrand disease (a type
of hereditary blood disorder).
Safe transfusion steps
Blood transfusion is one
medical procedure that has many risks. So, the gift must be directly under the
supervision of a medical officer. The volume of blood that is distributed can
not be arbitrary, because it must be adjusted to the needs and ability of the
body to receive the blood component.
To ensure transfusion runs safely, usually medical staff will check the label printed on the blood component and monitor the patient's vital signs more intensively.
Each component of a blood
cell has a different time span before the component is damaged. This affects
the speed of the components of blood transfused into your body.
Red blood cells (PRC) for example, must be exhausted within 4 hours after being removed from the blood storage, while FFP and platelets must be exhausted in approximately 30 minutes.
Red blood cells (PRC) for example, must be exhausted within 4 hours after being removed from the blood storage, while FFP and platelets must be exhausted in approximately 30 minutes.
During a blood
transfusion, pay attention to whether allergic reactions such as shivering,
redness, itching, tightness or anxiety appear.
Most of these symptoms will appear in the first 15 minutes of administration of blood transfusions. If it appears, immediately report it to the doctor to get the right treatment.
Most of these symptoms will appear in the first 15 minutes of administration of blood transfusions. If it appears, immediately report it to the doctor to get the right treatment.
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